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Poroshenko accused pro-Russian forces of more than 100 ceasefire violations
Ukrainian forces have launched a full-scale military operation against pro-Russia separatists in the east, hours after a ceasefire ended.
Rebel bases and strongholds were under attack from aircraft and artillery, government officials said.
The 10-day ceasefire ended on Monday evening, with President Petro Poroshenko saying "criminal elements" had thwarted the chance for peace.
Western leaders and Russia had urged him to prolong the truce.
Ukraine's parliament speaker Oleksander Turchynov told MPs on Tuesday: "I can inform you that in the morning the active phase of the anti-terrorist operation was renewed.
"Our armed forces are carrying out strikes on terrorist bases and checkpoints."
President Poroshenko went on television on Monday night saying: "We will attack, we will free our land."
The president had come under pressure from protesters in Kiev who urged a renewal of the operation against the separatists.
Russia's foreign ministry on Tuesday said it regretted Mr Poroshenko's decision not to extend the truce, condemning what it termed "criminal" calls to crack down on the separatists.
'Active role'Both sides had accused each other of violating the truce, during which frequent clashes were reported.
One separatist leader in the east vowed to continue fighting until all Ukrainian troops had left.
The "prime minister" of the self-declared Luhansk People's Republic, Vasiliy Nikitin, told the Interfax news agency: "All calls for our fighters to lay down arms can only be discussed after Ukrainian troops withdraw."
A four-way teleconference on Monday between Mr Poroshenko, Russian President Vladimir Putin, French President Francois Hollande and German Chancellor Angela Merkel had raised hopes the truce would be renewed.
The French presidency said in a statement soon after the conference that Ukraine and Russia had agreed to work together to establish a bilateral ceasefire in the east and were also working towards the establishment of effective border controls.
But Mr Poroshenko said in his address: "The decision not to continue the ceasefire is our answer to terrorists, militants and marauders."
In violence on Monday, Russia's Channel One TV cameraman Anatoly Klyan was shot and killed near Donetsk, while Ukraine's military said that five soldiers were killed and 17 wounded in clashes.
Mr Putin had stressed the importance of extending the ceasefire, calling for the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to play an "active role" in monitoring a truce.
President Poroshenko signed a landmark EU trade pact on Friday. The issue of whether Ukraine should lean more towards Russia or the EU was the trigger for the current crisis.
The refusal of Mr Poroshenko's predecessor, Viktor Yanukovych, to sign the EU deal last year - under pressure from Russia - led to protests in Kiev and his eventual overthrow.
Russia then annexed Ukraine's Crimea region, and separatists in the east declared independence from Ukraine.
Are you in Ukraine? Are you affected by the new military operation? Email your experiences to Haveyoursay@bbc.co.uk using the subject "Ukraine".
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